Perceptual and sensorimotor adaptations to hypogravity: implications for manual task performance and verticality perception

Hypogravity environments (e.g., 1/6 g on the Moon and 3/8 g on Mars, where gravity is lower than on Earth) profoundly alter the sensorimotor mechanisms underlying spatial orientation, perception, and manual task execution. Understanding these adaptations is essential for ensuring astronaut operational performance. In particular, there is a need for a better understanding of the long-term effects of hypogravity on manual task performance during seated operations, such as piloting, landing, and navigating, which rely on the integration of vestibular, visual, and somatosensory signals that drive motor adaptation in unfamiliar gravitational environments. However, sensorimotor processes and adaptation to hypogravity remain incompletely understood, particularly after prolonged exposure. This perspective paper synthesizes current knowledge largely derived from experimental platforms with inherent constraints. Additionally, it explores the convergence of technological approaches used both to simulate hypogravity for spaceflight preparation and to support rehabilitation after vestibular or neurological impairment. Finally, it suggests that future research should focus on long-term hypogravity simulation using AI-driven assistive technologies through interdisciplinary collaboration.