Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder worldwide, characterized pathologically by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the formation of Lewy bodies, which predominantly consist of misfolded α-synuclein (α-Syn) aggregates. Recent advances have highlighted the critical role of the interplay between α-Syn and lysosomal function, termed the α-Syn-lysosome axis, as a central mechanism underlying PD pathogenesis. This review systematically summarizes the molecular mechanisms driving α-Syn aggregation and the lysosomal dysfunction contributing to impaired autophagy-lysosome pathway (ALP) activity. We further discuss emerging therapeutic strategies targeting this axis to restore lysosomal function and mitigate α-Syn toxicity. By integrating the latest findings from molecular biology, cell biology, and preclinical studies, this article aims to elucidate the complex regulatory network of the α-Syn-lysosome axis and provide a theoretical foundation for the development of novel therapeutic interventions for PD.