The impact of amblyopia, reduced viewing conditions and binocular vision on reading ability: a narrative review

Amblyopia is a neurodevelopmental disorder of the visual cortex which leads to issues in visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and eye movement patterns, all characteristics which, along with other deficits may negatively influence reading skills. Individuals with reduced reading capabilities due to amblyopia or other binocular vision disorders may have difficulties navigating various social aspects of daily life including employment and academics. Reading is an active viewing task which involves multiple oculomotor and cognitive processes. In this review, we introduce how a lack of binocular vision or other low vision issues such as blur, low illumination or altered contrast sensitivity may contribute to impaired reading performance. These impairments, particularly in amblyopia, include changes to reading speed, eye movements and crowding. Though reading is such an important daily skill, and is known to be impacted in amblyopia, there are no known treatments for this condition which are specifically designed to improve reading. Binocular therapies may be leveraged to address these issues. This narrative review provides available evidence on alterations to reading ability in amblyopia and why this may be relevant for developing novel amblyopia therapies.